QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF COMPOUND FEEDS IN THE FORM OF MIXTURE CRUMBS

As the development of the feed industry is characterized by the intensification of technological processes aimed primarily at improving sanitary quality, the methods of preliminary wet-heat preparation of mixed fodder, in particular, the application of expansion to the granulation process, has been presented in the article. The effect of heat treatment on the nutrient absorption of individual ingredients of compound feed has been the subject of many research. In general, the wet-heat treatment of compound feed can improve the digestibility of nutrients, including proteins, amino acids and carbohydrates. The purpose of the work and the tasks of research were set. The purpose the work was introduction of advanced technology in production compound feed in the form blend of crumbs and determination of their zootechnical quality. The generalization of the conducted analytical and experimental studies allowed develop the advanced of technology granulation in the form blend crumbs, which will increase the output of finished products. Was developed biological value assessment and аssessment of livestock value compound feed in the form blend of crumbs. Studies have been conducted. Experimental studies were conducted at the Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies. Industrial approbation of the developed, advanced technology production compound feed in the form blend of crumbs, was done in industrial conditions of a branch of a public joint stock company "State Food and Grain Corporation of Ukraine" "Izyumsky plant bakery products". A biological experiment was conducted on laboratory animals at the base of the biochemistry laboratory of the Institute of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. Zootechnical studies, to evaluate the productive action effectiveness compound feed in the form blend of crumbs for young broiler chickens, were carried out under industrial conditions of the "Grain Club". Thus, еfficiency of use compound feed in the form blend of crumbs, has been evaluated in experiments on white rats Wistar line (biological assessment), and Cobb 500 cross broiler chickens (zoological assessment).


Introduction
The feed industry, like many other sectors of the food and processing industry, is experiencing significant changes. Despite the general growth in the production of сompound feeds, structural changes in the assortment of products are observed, which were caused by changes in animal husbandry and poultry farming.
The constant rise in electricity, fuel, gas prices force population and producers to resort energy-saving activities. The development and implementation of energy-efficient technologies seems relevant, which would reduce their total energy intensity without reducing production volumes in all sectors of the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine, in particular in feed production. [1,2] In this way, it became necessary to search for a new, effective concept of change in the structure of the existing granulation technology of сompound feeds for its comprehensive improvement, to solve problems that are considered.

Literary review
One of the indicators, which characterizes the food security of the state, is indicator of consuming norms by the population of Ukraine basic food products, including meat products. Since 1990, Ukraine has had meat production at the level of world standards (82.4 kg per person per year). According to "ProAgro", in 2019, Ukraine exported 100 thousand tons of сompound feeds to 180.1 million. Imports during this period amounted to 5.5 thousand tons. In the main, аodder additives, premixes and feed mixtures from Europe and China are imported in Ukraine. In recent years there has been an increase in demand for livestock products (meat, milk and fish). Usually, growth in production is observed, especially in countries that are developing, while the developed world remains more or less stable. USA is one of the largest producers of compound feeds in 2015-2019. Global сompound feeds production provides an approximate annual turnover of more than 400 billion.
The Food and Agriculture Base United Nations believes that by 2050 the demand for food will increase by 60%, it is expected that livestock production in 2010-2050 will increase by about 1.7% per year, moreover, the projected growth in meat production by almost 70%, milk production by 55%, fish production by 90%. Since, human nutrition depends on high-quality feeding of animals, it is very important to feed agricultural animals with high-quality compound feed, that the population consumed quality animal products.
The feed industry is one of the most competitive sectors in the agricultural sector ( Fig. 1).
In 2019, the world сompound feeds production amounted to about 900.5 million. tons of сompound feeds. [2,3] One of the largest producers of Asian сompound feeds is Charoen Pokphand -a Thai company that produces 18 million tons of сompound feeds in different parts of East Asia. World сompound feeds production in 2019 reached approximately 1 billion tons (Fig. 2). [1,2,3].
The feed industry of Ukraine is quite significant in the agro-industrial complex of the country. The industry provides livestock and food industry development. Facility of the feed industry produce feed,  [4,5,6] The traditional process of сompound feeds production includes the following technological processes (Figure 1), such as cleaning the components of grain and protein raw materials, preliminary grinding of components, weighing and dosing, mixing the finished mixture of components, obtaining loose сompound feeds. Loose сompound feeds moistened with subsequent granulation.
Among the main drawbacks of using traditional granulation technology are the following: Also, with traditional granulation technology, the yield of granulated crumb is low in percentage terms (not more than 70%), which leads to the re-granulation of the product of the mealy fraction, which increases the unit cost of electricity for the process. That is, the main disadvantage is the high unit cost of electricity for this process. The existing domestic technological lines for granulating and pelletizing сompound feeds have a relatively high productivity and, at the same time, a high energy intensity for producing granulated сompound feeds.
Granulation allows you to provide stable uniformity, improve sanitary and hygienic parameters, increase nutritional value, increase shelf life, and improve the physical properties of the components of the сompound feed. However, despite all the advantages, the granulation lines that exist have relatively high performance and, at the same time, high unit costs of electricity. The practical application of the pre-expanding before granulation has established itself thanks to positive indicators. This process provides sanitized сompound feeds without destroying vitamins and nutrients. In the product that is processed in the expander, you can add a large amount of liquid components (up to 15-20%), while sometimes there is a need to dry the processed product. With this processing of сompound feed in the expander, the performance granulator increases significantly.
For example, in the modern production «Vinnytsia Poultry Farm» namely the branch «On-farm complex for the production of compound feed». A reduction in energy consumption was achieved, but in general the effect was not high on the granulation line. Such lines are used in enterprises, but when it comes to large-scale production and sales, the question of energy costs is associated with economic feasibility. [6,7] On the basis of the conducted literature and patent examinations should be said that the development of technology to improve the granulation process will not only improve the nutritional and sanitary quality of сompound feed products, but will also increase the productive effect of сompound feeds and reduce the specific energy consumption. [8] Formulation of the problem The purpose the work is to introduction of advanced technology in production compound feed in the form blend of crumbs and determination of their zootechnical quality.
To achieve this aim, the research objectives have been defined: -to development improve granulation technology for production compound feed in the form blend of crumbs; -to carry out biological value assessment compound feed in the form blend of crumbs.
-to carry out аssessment of livestock value compound feed in the form blend of crumbs.

Materials and methods
Experimental studies were conducted at the Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies. Industrial approbation of the developed, advanced technology production compound feed in the form blend of crumbs, was done in industrial conditions of a branch of a public joint stock company "State Food and Grain Corporation of Ukraine" "Izyumsky plant bakery products".
Results of the study and their discussion 1. To development improve granulation technology for production of сompound feeds in the form granulated crumb and expanded crumb.
A number of studies were conducted at the department of technology of animal feed and biofuel ONAFT, and the following technological solution was proposed. Traditional granulation technology includes, all 100% of the recipe for loose сompound feed, it is moistened, expanded and granulated to obtain only crumbs from granules. (fig. 3, scheme A). Our advanced granulation technology differs from the traditional one, because we get a separate product, an expandate, this reduces the load on the granulator, it is not 100% loaded, getting expanded crumb and mixing with granulated crumb. (fig. 3, scheme B). [8,9,10] The developed technology production granulated сompound feed in the form blend granulated crumb and expanded crumb provides: expansion raw materials, separate granulation prepared raw materials, getting granule, getting granulated crumb, getting expandate, getting expanded crumb and mixing crumb getting a blend granulated crumb and expanded crumb.
The finished loose сompound feed is processed in moisturizer, where it is heated to a temperature of + 50°C to + 85 °C for 5-10 seconds and moistened content of 18-22%. Exercise of such processing provides сompound feed thermo-plastic properties. The next stage of processing is carried out using expander. Moisture сompound feed in expander is 16-22%, temperature of + 110°C to + 120°C. The resulting product -the expandate has a moisture content of 13-14%, its temperature is approximately 85-95 °C. Expandate has the form of pieces, sizes from 20-50 mm. Part of the expandate is cooled, crushed and sieved, to obtain expanded crumb, and part granulated in a granulator under standard processing conditions.
In the granulator under the influence of high pressure and temperature occur structural-mechanical and chemical transformations of the product, increases the degree of absorption of animal nutrients. The сompound feed treated with steam has a moisture content of 15-18% and a temperature of 60-90 °C, steam pressure, as a rule, is 0.2-0.5 MPa, steam consumption is 50-80 kg/ton. [11,12,13] The granules obtained after granulation have a temperature of 60-80 °C, they are sent to the cooling stage. After this stage, chilled products are obtained in the form of granulated сompound feed, which are crushed. Next, the grinding products (granulated crumb and expanded crumb) are sifted onto separate screeners to control the amount of products. The grinding products are sent to a separator, in which two sieves are installed: upper is №30. Descent from upper sieve sent for regrinding. The bottom sieve in the separator set №10. The passage of this sieve is received mealy fraction, which is sent to re-granulation. The passage upper sieve and descent sieve getting crumb. [ 12,14,15].
2. Biological value assessment compound feed in the form blend of crumbs. A biological experiment was conducted on the feed value of the test samplescompound feed in the form blend of crumbs, on laboratory animals at the base of the biochemistry laboratory of the Institute of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine.
Research nutritional value was carried out on fifteen rats, Wistar lines (males, age -1 month). For the experiment, three groups of white rats, five rats per group, were formed. The average rat weight was 52.6 ± 1.7 g. (fig. 4)

Fig. 3. Scheme A -Basic (traditional) technology production compound feed in the form granulated crumb.
Scheme B -Advanced technology production compound feed in the form blend of crumbs.
For 8 days in the experimental groups, laboratory rats were fed diets of the following composition: -Group rats №1 -received expanded crumb.
-Group rats №3 -received compound feed in the form blend of crumbs, in relation to 1:1.
Growth rate in live body weight rats for 8 days of feeding is shown in fig. 5, which shows that, all groups gained weight during the experiment. In this case, rats of group №1 gained weight from 56.8 g to 61.0 g, and group №2 from 51.2 g to 55.4 g, that is, the average weight gain of rats of group №1 and №2 was 4.20 g / head. However, the best result was shown by group № 3. Because the rats gained weight from 51.2 g to 55.8 g, and therefore the average weight gain of rats was 4.60 g / head, that is 9.5% more than group №1 and №2.
Thus, the average increase in live weight of rats for 8 days amounted to: -Group rats №1 -4.20 g / head for 8 days; -Group rats №2 -4.20 g / head for 8 days; -Group rats №3 -4.60 g / head for 8 days; In fig. 3 shows consumption data for each group of rats. Figure 3 shows that most of all, for the entire period of feeding, consumed rats of group №3 -797 g, rats of group №2 -749 g., and least of all rats of group №1 -658 g. Table 1 summarizes all the data carrying out biological value assessments test samples. The least feed value showed sample №2 (granulated crumb) -28.0 mg / g, the greatest feed value showed sample №1 (expanded crumb) -31.9 mg / g, this proves the effectiveness of increasing the feed value of products due to the expansion process. Feed value of sample № 3 (compound feed in the form blend of crumbs) overall also showed high results -28.9 mg / g.    Daily average mass gain, g 10,7 10,9 +1,9 Feed costs per 1 kg of body weight gain, kg 2,2 1,9 -13,6 The results obtained indicate a high biological efficiency of the developed compound feed in the form blend of crumbs in comparison with the classical method of feeding granulated crumb.
3. Assessment of livestock value compound feed in the form blend of crumbs. Zootechnical studies, to evaluate the productive action effectiveness compound feed in the form blend of crumbs for young broiler chickens, were carried out under industrial conditions of the "Grain Club". For the experiment, were formed two research groups of Cobb 500 cross broilers, control and experimental 30 goals each. The average live body weight of the bird in the control was 42.5 g, in the experimental 42.3 g.
Two groups of chickens received crumbs with a nutritional value that matched the organism chickens. In the first control group for feeding used the granulated crumb, obtained in the traditional way (loose feed was moistened, expanded, granulated, crushed and sieved with receipt granulated crumb). In the second experimental group used compound feed in the form blend of crumbs, which was obtained by advanced technology (finished products for feeding the second experimental group was compound feed in the form blend of crumbs). The content, feeding conditions, composition of bulk feed were identical (except for the method of its preparation in crumb) namely: the first control grouptraditional technology receiving granulated crumb, second research group advanced technology receiving compound feed in the form blend of crumbs.
Compound feeds were produced according to a recipe developed by the specialists of the department of feed technology and biofuel of Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies.
Assessment of livestock performance using compound feed in the form blend of crumbs for feeding broiler chickens, developed on indicators such as livestock conservation, weight gain, daily average mass gain, feed costs per 1 kg of body weight gain. The results of livestock zootechnical research are shown in table 2.
Chicken Broilers experimental group (age 7 day) in by weight were heavy, they were heavy than the control by 2.4%, (age 14 day) were heavy than the control by 1.5%. The safety of the poultry population at the end of the experiment was 96.3% in the control group, was 98.7% in the experimental group.
Feed consumption per 1 kg gain in weight in the experimental group was 13.6% less than in the control, daily average gain the research group is 1.9% larger than in the control. Thus, the assessment livestock value compound feed in the form blend of crumbs we can conclude.
It is proved that, technology that has been developed and improved for production compound feed in the form blend of crumbs, the technology is characterized by increased biological value and satisfies the physiological needs of young birds, compared with traditional production technology granulated crumb.

Conclusions
1. It was introduced into production advanced technology in production compound feed in the form blend of crumbs and determination of their zootechnical quality.
2. Has been developed biological value assessment compound feed in the form blend of crumbs.
3. Has been developed аssessment of livestock value compound feed in the form blend of crumbs.
4. Experimental studies were conducted at the Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies. 5. Industrial approbation of the developed, advanced technology production compound feed in the form blend of crumbs, was done in industrial conditions of a branch of a public joint stock company "State Food and Grain Corporation of Ukraine" "Izyumsky plant bakery products". 6. A biological experiment was conducted on the feed value of the test samples -compound feed in the form blend of crumbs, on laboratory animals at the base of the biochemistry laboratory of the Institute of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. For the experiment, three groups of white rats, five rats per group, were formed.
7. Zootechnical studies, to evaluate the productive action effectiveness compound feed in the form blend of crumbs for young broiler chickens, were carried out under industrial conditions of the "Grain Club". For the experiment, were formed two research groups of Cobb 500 cross broilers, control and experimental 30 goals each. The safety of the poultry population at the end of the experiment was 96.3% in the control group, was 98.7% in the experimental group. Feed consumption per 1 kg gain in weight in the experimental group was 13.6% less than in the control, daily average gain the research group is 1.9% larger than in the control.